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PHP Markdown Extra Cheat Sheet
Markdown Manual
PHP Markdown Extra Manual
PHP Markdown Extra ================== Version 1.2.5 - Sun 8 Jan 2012 by Michel Fortin <http://michelf.com/> based on Markdown by John Gruber <http://daringfireball.net/> Introduction ------------ This is a special version of PHP Markdown with extra features. See <http://michelf.com/projects/php-markdown/extra/> for details. Markdown is a text-to-HTML conversion tool for web writers. Markdown allows you to write using an easy-to-read, easy-to-write plain text format, then convert it to structurally valid XHTML (or HTML). "Markdown" is two things: a plain text markup syntax, and a software tool, written in Perl, that converts the plain text markup to HTML. PHP Markdown is a port to PHP of the original Markdown program by John Gruber. PHP Markdown can work as a plug-in for WordPress and bBlog, as a modifier for the Smarty templating engine, or as a remplacement for textile formatting in any software that support textile. Full documentation of Markdown's syntax is available on John's Markdown page: <http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/> Installation and Requirement ---------------------------- PHP Markdown requires PHP version 4.0.5 or later. ### WordPress ### PHP Markdown works with [WordPress][wp], version 1.2 or later. [wp]: http://wordpress.org/ 1. To use PHP Markdown with WordPress, place the "makrdown.php" file in the "plugins" folder. This folder is located inside "wp-content" at the root of your site: (site home)/wp-content/plugins/ 2. Activate the plugin with the administrative interface of WordPress. In the "Plugins" section you will now find Markdown. To activate the plugin, click on the "Activate" button on the same line than Markdown. Your entries will now be formatted by PHP Markdown. 3. To post Markdown content, you'll first have to disable the "visual" editor in the User section of WordPress. You can configure PHP Markdown to not apply to the comments on your WordPress weblog. See the "Configuration" section below. It is not possible at this time to apply a different set of filters to different entries. All your entries will be formated by PHP Markdown. This is a limitation of WordPress. If your old entries are written in HTML (as opposed to another formatting syntax, like Textile), they'll probably stay fine after installing Markdown. ### bBlog ### PHP Markdown also works with [bBlog][bb]. [bb]: http://www.bblog.com/ To use PHP Markdown with bBlog, rename "markdown.php" to "modifier.markdown.php" and place the file in the "bBlog_plugins" folder. This folder is located inside the "bblog" directory of your site, like this: (site home)/bblog/bBlog_plugins/modifier.markdown.php Select "Markdown" as the "Entry Modifier" when you post a new entry. This setting will only apply to the entry you are editing. ### Replacing Textile in TextPattern ### [TextPattern][tp] use [Textile][tx] to format your text. You can replace Textile by Markdown in TextPattern without having to change any code by using the *Texitle Compatibility Mode*. This may work with other software that expect Textile too. [tx]: http://www.textism.com/tools/textile/ [tp]: http://www.textpattern.com/ 1. Rename the "markdown.php" file to "classTextile.php". This will make PHP Markdown behave as if it was the actual Textile parser. 2. Replace the "classTextile.php" file TextPattern installed in your web directory. It can be found in the "lib" directory: (site home)/textpattern/lib/ Contrary to Textile, Markdown does not convert quotes to curly ones and does not convert multiple hyphens (`--` and `---`) into en- and em-dashes. If you use PHP Markdown in Textile Compatibility Mode, you can solve this problem by installing the "smartypants.php" file from [PHP SmartyPants][psp] beside the "classTextile.php" file. The Textile Compatibility Mode function will use SmartyPants automatically without further modification. [psp]: http://michelf.com/projects/php-smartypants/ ### In Your Own Programs ### You can use PHP Markdown easily in your current PHP program. Simply include the file and then call the Markdown function on the text you want to convert: include_once "markdown.php"; $my_html = Markdown($my_text); If you wish to use PHP Markdown with another text filter function built to parse HTML, you should filter the text *after* the Markdown function call. This is an example with [PHP SmartyPants][psp]: $my_html = SmartyPants(Markdown($my_text)); ### With Smarty ### If your program use the [Smarty][sm] template engine, PHP Markdown can now be used as a modifier for your templates. Rename "markdown.php" to "modifier.markdown.php" and put it in your smarty plugins folder. [sm]: http://smarty.php.net/ If you are using MovableType 3.1 or later, the Smarty plugin folder is located at `(MT CGI root)/php/extlib/smarty/plugins`. This will allow Markdown to work on dynamic pages. ### Updating Markdown in Other Programs ### Many web applications now ship with PHP Markdown, or have plugins to perform the conversion to HTML. You can update PHP Markdown -- or replace it with PHP Markdown Extra -- in many of these programs by swapping the old "markdown.php" file for the new one. Here is a short non-exhaustive list of some programs and where they hide the "markdown.php" file. | Program | Path to Markdown | ------- | ---------------- | [Pivot][] | `(site home)/pivot/includes/markdown/` If you're unsure if you can do this with your application, ask the developer, or wait for the developer to update his application or plugin with the new version of PHP Markdown. [Pivot]: http://pivotlog.net/ Configuration ------------- By default, PHP Markdown produces XHTML output for tags with empty elements. E.g.: <br /> Markdown can be configured to produce HTML-style tags; e.g.: <br> To do this, you must edit the "MARKDOWN_EMPTY_ELEMENT_SUFFIX" definition below the "Global default settings" header at the start of the "markdown.php" file. ### WordPress-Specific Settings ### By default, the Markdown plugin applies to both posts and comments on your WordPress weblog. To deactivate one or the other, edit the `MARKDOWN_WP_POSTS` or `MARKDOWN_WP_COMMENTS` definitions under the "WordPress settings" header at the start of the "markdown.php" file. Bugs ---- To file bug reports please send email to: <michel.fortin@michelf.com> Please include with your report: (1) the example input; (2) the output you expected; (3) the output PHP Markdown actually produced. Version History --------------- 1.0.1o (8 Jan 2012): * Silenced a new warning introduced around PHP 5.3 complaining about POSIX characters classes not being implemented. PHP Markdown does not use POSIX character classes, but it nevertheless trigged that warning. Extra 1.2.5 (8 Jan 2012): * Fixed an issue preventing fenced code blocks indented inside lists items and elsewhere from being interpreted correctly. * Fixed an issue where HTML tags inside fenced code blocks were sometime not encoded with entities. 1.0.1n (10 Oct 2009): * Enabled reference-style shortcut links. Now you can write reference-style links with less brakets: This is [my website]. [my website]: http://example.com/ This was added in the 1.0.2 betas, but commented out in the 1.0.1 branch, waiting for the feature to be officialized. [But half of the other Markdown implementations are supporting this syntax][half], so it makes sense for compatibility's sake to allow it in PHP Markdown too. [half]: http://babelmark.bobtfish.net/?markdown=This+is+%5Bmy+website%5D.%0D%0A%09%09%0D%0A%5Bmy+website%5D%3A+http%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2F%0D%0A&src=1&dest=2 * Now accepting many valid email addresses in autolinks that were previously rejected, such as: <abc+mailbox/department=shipping@example.com> <!#$%&'*+-/=?^_`.{|}~@example.com> <"abc@def"@example.com> <"Fred Bloggs"@example.com> <jsmith@[192.0.2.1]> * Now accepting spaces in URLs for inline and reference-style links. Such URLs need to be surrounded by angle brakets. For instance: [link text](<http://url/with space> "optional title") [link text][ref] [ref]: <http://url/with space> "optional title" There is still a quirk which may prevent this from working correctly with relative URLs in inline-style links however. * Fix for adjacent list of different kind where the second list could end as a sublist of the first when not separated by an empty line. * Fixed a bug where inline-style links wouldn't be recognized when the link definition contains a line break between the url and the title. * Fixed a bug where tags where the name contains an underscore aren't parsed correctly. * Fixed some corner-cases mixing underscore-ephasis and asterisk-emphasis. Extra 1.2.4 (10 Oct 2009): * Fixed a problem where unterminated tags in indented code blocks could prevent proper escaping of characaters in the code block. Extra 1.2.3 (31 Dec 2008): * In WordPress pages featuring more than one post, footnote id prefixes are now automatically applied with the current post ID to avoid clashes between footnotes belonging to different posts. * Fix for a bug introduced in Extra 1.2 where block-level HTML tags where not detected correctly, thus the addition of erroneous `<p>` tags and interpretation of their content as Markdown-formatted instead of HTML-formatted. Extra 1.2.2 (21 Jun 2008): * Fixed a problem where abbreviation definitions, footnote definitions and link references were stripped inside fenced code blocks. * Fixed a bug where characters such as `"` in abbreviation definitions weren't properly encoded to HTML entities. * Fixed a bug where double quotes `"` were not correctly encoded as HTML entities when used inside a footnote reference id. 1.0.1m (21 Jun 2008): * Lists can now have empty items. * Rewrote the emphasis and strong emphasis parser to fix some issues with odly placed and overlong markers. Extra 1.2.1 (27 May 2008): * Fixed a problem where Markdown headers and horizontal rules were transformed into their HTML equivalent inside fenced code blocks. Extra 1.2 (11 May 2008): * Added fenced code block syntax which don't require indentation and can start and end with blank lines. A fenced code block starts with a line of consecutive tilde (~) and ends on the next line with the same number of consecutive tilde. Here's an example: ~~~~~~~~~~~~ Hello World! ~~~~~~~~~~~~ * Rewrote parts of the HTML block parser to better accomodate fenced code blocks. * Footnotes may now be referenced from within another footnote. * Added programatically-settable parser property `predef_attr` for predefined attribute definitions. * Fixed an issue where an indented code block preceded by a blank line containing some other whitespace would confuse the HTML block parser into creating an HTML block when it should have been code. 1.0.1l (11 May 2008): * Now removing the UTF-8 BOM at the start of a document, if present. * Now accepting capitalized URI schemes (such as HTTP:) in automatic links, such as `<HTTP://EXAMPLE.COM/>`. * Fixed a problem where `<hr@example.com>` was seen as a horizontal rule instead of an automatic link. * Fixed an issue where some characters in Markdown-generated HTML attributes weren't properly escaped with entities. * Fix for code blocks as first element of a list item. Previously, this didn't create any code block for item 2: * Item 1 (regular paragraph) * Item 2 (code block) * A code block starting on the second line of a document wasn't seen as a code block. This has been fixed. * Added programatically-settable parser properties `predef_urls` and `predef_titles` for predefined URLs and titles for reference-style links. To use this, your PHP code must call the parser this way: $parser = new Markdwon_Parser; $parser->predef_urls = array('linkref' => 'http://example.com'); $html = $parser->transform($text); You can then use the URL as a normal link reference: [my link][linkref] [my link][linkRef] Reference names in the parser properties *must* be lowercase. Reference names in the Markdown source may have any case. * Added `setup` and `teardown` methods which can be used by subclassers as hook points to arrange the state of some parser variables before and after parsing. Extra 1.1.7 (26 Sep 2007): 1.0.1k (26 Sep 2007): * Fixed a problem introduced in 1.0.1i where three or more identical uppercase letters, as well as a few other symbols, would trigger a horizontal line. Extra 1.1.6 (4 Sep 2007): 1.0.1j (4 Sep 2007): * Fixed a problem introduced in 1.0.1i where the closing `code` and `pre` tags at the end of a code block were appearing in the wrong order. * Overriding configuration settings by defining constants from an external before markdown.php is included is now possible without producing a PHP warning. Extra 1.1.5 (31 Aug 2007): 1.0.1i (31 Aug 2007): * Fixed a problem where an escaped backslash before a code span would prevent the code span from being created. This should now work as expected: Litteral backslash: \\`code span` * Overall speed improvements, especially with long documents. Extra 1.1.4 (3 Aug 2007): 1.0.1h (3 Aug 2007): * Added two properties (`no_markup` and `no_entities`) to the parser allowing HTML tags and entities to be disabled. * Fix for a problem introduced in 1.0.1g where posting comments in WordPress would trigger PHP warnings and cause some markup to be incorrectly filtered by the kses filter in WordPress. Extra 1.1.3 (3 Jul 2007): * Fixed a performance problem when parsing some invalid HTML as an HTML block which was resulting in too much recusion and a segmentation fault for long documents. * The markdown="" attribute now accepts unquoted values. * Fixed an issue where underscore-emphasis didn't work when applied on the first or the last word of an element having the markdown="1" or markdown="span" attribute set unless there was some surrounding whitespace. This didn't work: <p markdown="1">_Hello_ _world_</p> Now it does produce emphasis as expected. * Fixed an issue preventing footnotes from working when the parser's footnote id prefix variable (fn_id_prefix) is not empty. * Fixed a performance problem where the regular expression for strong emphasis introduced in version 1.1 could sometime be long to process, give slightly wrong results, and in some circumstances could remove entirely the content for a whole paragraph. * Fixed an issue were abbreviations tags could be incorrectly added inside URLs and title of links. * Placing footnote markers inside a link, resulting in two nested links, is no longer allowed. 1.0.1g (3 Jul 2007): * Fix for PHP 5 compiled without the mbstring module. Previous fix to calculate the length of UTF-8 strings in `detab` when `mb_strlen` is not available was only working with PHP 4. * Fixed a problem with WordPress 2.x where full-content posts in RSS feeds were not processed correctly by Markdown. * Now supports URLs containing literal parentheses for inline links and images, such as: [WIMP](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIMP_(computing)) Such parentheses may be arbitrarily nested, but must be balanced. Unbalenced parentheses are allowed however when the URL when escaped or when the URL is enclosed in angle brakets `<>`. * Fixed a performance problem where the regular expression for strong emphasis introduced in version 1.0.1d could sometime be long to process, give slightly wrong results, and in some circumstances could remove entirely the content for a whole paragraph. * Some change in version 1.0.1d made possible the incorrect nesting of anchors within each other. This is now fixed. * Fixed a rare issue where certain MD5 hashes in the content could be changed to their corresponding text. For instance, this: The MD5 value for "+" is "26b17225b626fb9238849fd60eabdf60". was incorrectly changed to this in previous versions of PHP Markdown: <p>The MD5 value for "+" is "+".</p> * Now convert escaped characters to their numeric character references equivalent. This fix an integration issue with SmartyPants and backslash escapes. Since Markdown and SmartyPants have some escapable characters in common, it was sometime necessary to escape them twice. Previously, two backslashes were sometime required to prevent Markdown from "eating" the backslash before SmartyPants sees it: Here are two hyphens: \\-- Now, only one backslash will do: Here are two hyphens: \-- Extra 1.1.2 (7 Feb 2007) * Fixed an issue where headers preceded too closely by a paragraph (with no blank line separating them) where put inside the paragraph. * Added the missing TextileRestricted method that was added to regular PHP Markdown since 1.0.1d but which I forgot to add to Extra. 1.0.1f (7 Feb 2007): * Fixed an issue with WordPress where manually-entered excerpts, but not the auto-generated ones, would contain nested paragraphs. * Fixed an issue introduced in 1.0.1d where headers and blockquotes preceded too closely by a paragraph (not separated by a blank line) where incorrectly put inside the paragraph. * Fixed an issue introduced in 1.0.1d in the tokenizeHTML method where two consecutive code spans would be merged into one when together they form a valid tag in a multiline paragraph. * Fixed an long-prevailing issue where blank lines in code blocks would be doubled when the code block is in a list item. This was due to the list processing functions relying on artificially doubled blank lines to correctly determine when list items should contain block-level content. The list item processing model was thus changed to avoid the need for double blank lines. * Fixed an issue with `<% asp-style %>` instructions used as inline content where the opening `<` was encoded as `<`. * Fixed a parse error occuring when PHP is configured to accept ASP-style delimiters as boundaries for PHP scripts. * Fixed a bug introduced in 1.0.1d where underscores in automatic links got swapped with emphasis tags. Extra 1.1.1 (28 Dec 2006) * Fixed a problem where whitespace at the end of the line of an atx-style header would cause tailing `#` to appear as part of the header's content. This was caused by a small error in the regex that handles the definition for the id attribute in PHP Markdown Extra. * Fixed a problem where empty abbreviations definitions would eat the following line as its definition. * Fixed an issue with calling the Markdown parser repetitivly with text containing footnotes. The footnote hashes were not reinitialized properly. 1.0.1e (28 Dec 2006) * Added support for internationalized domain names for email addresses in automatic link. Improved the speed at which email addresses are converted to entities. Thanks to Milian Wolff for his optimisations. * Made deterministic the conversion to entities of email addresses in automatic links. This means that a given email address will always be encoded the same way. * PHP Markdown will now use its own function to calculate the length of an UTF-8 string in `detab` when `mb_strlen` is not available instead of giving a fatal error. Extra 1.1 (1 Dec 2006) * Added a syntax for footnotes. * Added an experimental syntax to define abbreviations. 1.0.1d (1 Dec 2006) * Fixed a bug where inline images always had an empty title attribute. The title attribute is now present only when explicitly defined. * Link references definitions can now have an empty title, previously if the title was defined but left empty the link definition was ignored. This can be useful if you want an empty title attribute in images to hide the tooltip in Internet Explorer. * Made `detab` aware of UTF-8 characters. UTF-8 multi-byte sequences are now correctly mapped to one character instead of the number of bytes. * Fixed a small bug with WordPress where WordPress' default filter `wpautop` was not properly deactivated on comment text, resulting in hard line breaks where Markdown do not prescribes them. * Added a `TextileRestrited` method to the textile compatibility mode. There is no restriction however, as Markdown does not have a restricted mode at this point. This should make PHP Markdown work again in the latest versions of TextPattern. * Converted PHP Markdown to a object-oriented design. * Changed span and block gamut methods so that they loop over a customizable list of methods. This makes subclassing the parser a more interesting option for creating syntax extensions. * Also added a "document" gamut loop which can be used to hook document-level methods (like for striping link definitions). * Changed all methods which were inserting HTML code so that they now return a hashed representation of the code. New methods `hashSpan` and `hashBlock` are used to hash respectivly span- and block-level generated content. This has a couple of significant effects: 1. It prevents invalid nesting of Markdown-generated elements which could occur occuring with constructs like `*something [link*][1]`. 2. It prevents problems occuring with deeply nested lists on which paragraphs were ill-formed. 3. It removes the need to call `hashHTMLBlocks` twice during the the block gamut. Hashes are turned back to HTML prior output. * Made the block-level HTML parser smarter using a specially-crafted regular expression capable of handling nested tags. * Solved backtick issues in tag attributes by rewriting the HTML tokenizer to be aware of code spans. All these lines should work correctly now: <span attr='`ticks`'>bar</span> <span attr='``double ticks``'>bar</span> `<test a="` content of attribute `">` * Changed the parsing of HTML comments to match simply from `<!--` to `-->` instead using of the more complicated SGML-style rule with paired `--`. This is how most browsers parse comments and how XML defines them too. * `<address>` has been added to the list of block-level elements and is now treated as an HTML block instead of being wrapped within paragraph tags. * Now only trim trailing newlines from code blocks, instead of trimming all trailing whitespace characters. * Fixed bug where this: [text](http://m.com "title" ) wasn't working as expected, because the parser wasn't allowing for spaces before the closing paren. * Filthy hack to support markdown='1' in div tags. * _DoAutoLinks() now supports the 'dict://' URL scheme. * PHP- and ASP-style processor instructions are now protected as raw HTML blocks. <? ... ?> <% ... %> * Fix for escaped backticks still triggering code spans: There are two raw backticks here: \` and here: \`, not a code span Extra 1.0 - 5 September 2005 * Added support for setting the id attributes for headers like this: Header 1 {#header1} ======== ## Header 2 ## {#header2} This only work only for headers for now. * Tables will now work correctly as the first element of a definition list. For example, this input: Term : Header | Header ------- | ------- Cell | Cell used to produce no definition list and a table where the first header was named ": Header". This is now fixed. * Fix for a problem where a paragraph following a table was not placed between `<p>` tags. Extra 1.0b4 - 1 August 2005 * Fixed some issues where whitespace around HTML blocks were trigging empty paragraph tags. * Fixed an HTML block parsing issue that would cause a block element following a code span or block with unmatched opening bracket to be placed inside a paragraph. * Removed some PHP notices that could appear when parsing definition lists and tables with PHP notice reporting flag set. Extra 1.0b3 - 29 July 2005 * Definition lists now require a blank line before each term. Solves an ambiguity where the last line of lazy-indented definitions could be mistaken by PHP Markdown as a new term in the list. * Definition lists now support multiple terms per definition. * Some special tags were replaced in the output by their md5 hash key. Things such as this now work as expected: ## Header <?php echo $number ?> ## Extra 1.0b2 - 26 July 2005 * Definition lists can now take two or more definitions for one term. This should have been the case before, but a bug prevented this from working right. * Fixed a problem where single column table with a pipe only at the end where not parsed as table. Here is such a table: | header | ------ | cell * Fixed problems with empty cells in the first column of a table with no leading pipe, like this one: header | header ------ | ------ | cell * Code spans containing pipes did not within a table. This is now fixed by parsing code spans before splitting rows into cells. * Added the pipe character to the backlash escape character lists. Extra 1.0b1 (25 Jun 2005) * First public release of PHP Markdown Extra. Copyright and License --------------------- PHP Markdown & Extra Copyright (c) 2004-2009 Michel Fortin <http://michelf.com/> All rights reserved. Based on Markdown Copyright (c) 2003-2005 John Gruber <http://daringfireball.net/> All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * Neither the name "Markdown" nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. This software is provided by the copyright holders and contributors "as is" and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. In no event shall the copyright owner or contributors be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage.